WEB SERVICES

                        Introduction

       web service is a service offered by an electronic device to another electronic device, Communicating with each other via the world Wide Web.In practice, a Web service commonly provides an object oriented web- based interface to a data base server, utilized for example by another web server, or by a mobile app, that provides a user interface to the end user. Many organizations that provide data informatted HTML pages will also provide that data on their server as XML or JSON, often through a Web service to allow syndication, for example,Wikipedia's Export.Another application offered to the end user may be a mash up, where a Web server consumes several Web ervices at different machines and complies the contend into one user interface.Web services are self-contained,modular,distributed, dynamic applications that can be described, published, located or invoked over the network to create products, processes and supply chains. These applications can be local, distributed or web based.Web services are built on top of open standards Such as TCP/IP,HTTP,Java, HTML and XML. Web services are XML based information exchange systems that use the Internet for direct application-- to application interaction.These systems can include programs, objects, messages or documents.A web service is a collection of open protocols and standards used for exchanging data between applications or systems. Software application written in various programming languages and running on various platform can use web services to exchange data over computer networks like the internet in a manner similar to enter-processes communication on a single computer. The interoperability is due to the use of open standard.A complete web service is, therefore, any service that is available over the Internet or private networks. It uses a standardized XML messaging system. It is not tied to anyone operating system or programming language. It is self -describing via a common XML grammar. It is discoverable via a simple find mechanism.This assignment involves web service, including e-mail,chat and e-library

                             E-mail

Electronic mail is a method of exchanging messages between people using

electronic devices. Invented by Ray Tomlinson, email first entered limited use in

the 1960s and by the mid-1970s had taken the form now recognized as email.

Email operates across computer networks which today is Primarily the Internet.

Some early email systems required the author and the recipient to both is online at

the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today’s email systems are

based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver and

store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online

simultaneously; they need to connect only briefly, typically to a mail server or a

web mail interface for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.

E-mail address

To deliver mail, a system must use an addressing system with unique

addresses like a postal address, an email address specifies the destination of an

electronic message. Address consist two parts user name and domain name. These

are separated by sign. The username is a unique name that identifies the recipient.

The domain name is the address many people can share the same domain name.

Structure of E-mail

An electronic mail message consist of two components. message header

and messages body.

1. Message header

The message header contains control information, including an originator's

email address and one or more recipient addresses.Usually additional information

is added such as subject header field.

The message header should include at least the following fields

From- The email addresses and optional the name of the author or sender

To- The email address of the messages recipient.Indicates primary recipient

(multiple allowed ), for secondary recipients

Bcc- Blind carbon copy, addresses added to the SMTP delivery list but not listed

in the message data, remaining invisible to other recipient

Cc- Carbon copy, many e-mail clients will mark e-mail in our inbox differently

depending on whether you are in the to: or Cc: list.

Date- The local time date wehen the message was written,automatically attached

while sending.

Subject-A brief summary of the topic of the message.

Message - ID Also an automatically generated field, used to prevent multiple

delivery.

Attachment-Attachememt contain the name of files that we want to send.

2.Message Body - which is the email's content

Salutation

Always open the email with a greeting. For formal or business e-mails use the

surname nor the first name.

eg:-Dear Mr.Cowabunga

The opening

Begin with a line of thanks. Find anyway to thank target receivers. This will

put them at ease, and it will make you appear more courteous.For example if

someone asked a question we can begin with thank you for contacting ‘Tanza

company’

State the purpose

State the purpose in the opening sentence. Don't write a long introduction

dont't tell a story skip the niceties. People just want to know what you want so state

that, in the first sentence. Be brief but polite. Tell them exactly what you want in as

short an email as possible. If the messages runs longer than two or three short

paragraphs, reduce the message or provided an attachment. Remember to say

"please" and" thank you". And mean It. The Closing Remarks

 Courtesy is always important no matter how short the email is.

Eg:- Thank you for your patience and cooperation.

 Include an accurate follow up statement

Eg:- I will send you additional information.

 If a response is required, specify what when.

The closing

 Use a professional closing

eg:- best regards, sincerely

 For more casual emails

eg:- Best Wishes

The Email Signature

A professional signature make it easy to contact. E-mail account can automatically

add the datas such as full professional name, job title, business street address a

legal disclaimer if required by your company to the bottom of the e-mail.

Attachements

If there are any attachments mention them in the e-mail so that the receiver

knows to look for and open the files. Appropriately name the attachments so that

the receiver knows what each document is just by reading the file name.

Advantages of E-mail

 E-mail enables speedy communication.

 E-mail is reliable.

 E-mail is inexpensive.

 E-mail can be automated to perform certain task automatically.

 E-mail messages are always easy to locate.

 It's easy to send message to more than own person.

                            Chat

Chat may refer to any kind of communication over the internet that offers a

real time transmission of text messages from sender to receiver. It is a process of

communicating, interacting or exchanging messages over the Internet. A real time

communication via keyboard between two or more users on a local network.Chat

messages are generally short in order to enable other participants to respond

quickly. When talking to someone in chat any typed text is received by other

participants immediately.A feeling similar to a spoken conversation is

created.There are millions of uses chatting that network.

Chatting

Chatting is talking to other people who are using the internet at the same

time.This talking is the exchange of typed messages.Requiring on site as the respiratory for the messaging . A group of uses who take part from anywhere on

the internet.

Types of chatting

There are three commonly used types of chat

 Instant messaging (IM)

 Internet chat query (ICQ)

 Internet relay chat (IRC)

 Instant messaging(IM)

It is one of the most popular forms of chat. It is just between two people or

handle group chats. There is an option of group chat where three or more people

can chat at a time. Whatsapp, We chat, Viber are some of the instant messaging

apps.

 Internet chat Query (ICQ)

It is an instant messaging tool. The name ICQ is derived from the English

phrase "I seek you ". ICQ was developed and popularized by the Israeli company

Mirabilis in 1996. ICQ is a downloadable software that will let you know when

friends and contacts are also online on the Internet

 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

It is a system for chatting that involves a set of rules. It facilitates

communication in the form of text. It is mainly designed for group communication.

Also allows one to one communication includes file sharing

Chat room

Chat room gives a manner to talke with same minded boys and girls without

any restriction. Chat room have various topics. We can choose our favourite

subjects like politics, religion, Sports etc. Internet half countless chat rooms.

Everyone is able to talk using voice people need microphones and headphones for

enjoying voice chat. Talk a person in voice on the other hand. It reflect our psychology and give a chance to exchange our views and thoughts with those

people who have many similar things to share with you.

Importance of chat in Education

 Get information from our friends through chat.

 Educational group chat is important for constructive learning.

 Internet based education will always consider educational group chat as a mean

for delivering teaching materials and knowledge sharing

Advantages

 Communication from one sender to many receives.

 You can communicate persons from different corners of the world.

 The rate of chat is very low.

 We can completed other tasks while chatting over the internet.

Disadvantages

 There are millions of teens who spend their precious time in front of the computer.

 They are always busy in chatting.

 No time management.

Addition

 Hacking and cheating.

                          E-library

An electronic library is a focused collection of digital objects that can

include text, visual, material,audio material, video material, stored as electronic

media formats( as opposed to print, microphone or other media ), along with means

of organizing storing and retrieving the files and media contained in the library

collection. These resources encompass a variety of materials including books,

articles, journals,research paper,s multimedia content and more. The primary

purpose of an e-library is to offer users, such as students seeking information about

the best boarding school convenient and seamless access to an extensive range of

information regardless of their location and the time of day.

E-Libraries bring several advantages including cost effectiveness as they

eliminate the need for physical copies of materials and space-saving, as digital

content does not require physical storage space. Additionally e-libraries facilitate

swift and efficient information retrieval through advanced search functionalities.

This digital format is particularly beneficial for students, researchers and

professionals who demand timely access to the latest information and resources

relevance to their respective field of study or work.

Types of e-library

Academic digital libraries Focus on supporting academic research and

education.Typically house scholarly resources like journals research papers and

academic books.

Public Digital Libraries

Aimed at the general public providing access to range of resources.May

include e-books, audio books,online magazine and other materials for public

consumption.

Specialized digital libraries

Concentrate on specific topics or subjective areas. Examples included medical digital libraries and those dedicated to the arts.

National and international digital libraries.

Created by governments or international organization provide access to

information and cultural heritage at a national or global level. Examples include

the library of congress and the European digital library.

Hybrid digital libraries

Combine elements of traditional and digital libraries may include physical

collections alongside digital resources for a comprehensive approach

Community digital libraries

Created by communities to share and preserve their cultural or historical

resources. Foster collaboration and Information sharing with in specific

communities

Features of a e library

 Access to digital resources-Provide a wide array of digital resources including

e-books, audio books, videos, images, research papers and academic journals.

 24/7 availability- Accessible to uses 24/7 allowing them to retrieve

information at their convenience from any location and at any time.

 Search and retrieval -Equipped with advanced search tools for efficient and

quick retrieval of specific information or resources.

 Preservation - contribute to the preservation of cultural heritage and

information by digitizing and archiving rare or fragile materials ensuring their

longevity for future generations.

 Multimedia integration- support various types of multimedia content

accommodating die waste learning preferences and enhancing the overall uses

experience.

 Accessibility- Ensure accessibility features to accommodate uses with

disabilities making digital resources available to broader audience.

 Digital rights management - Incorporated DRM mechanism to control access to copyrighted materials and protect intellectual property.

Important of a digital library for students

The importance of a digital library for students is multifaceted and

encompasses various advantages that cater to the evolving needs of modern

education. Enable students to stay informed with the latest research and

developments in their field of interest promoting continuous learning.

 No fixed time Limit-Office flexibility in accessing resources at anytime and

from any location allowing students to study or conducted research at there on

peace and convenience.

 Easily accessible- Provide easy accessibility allowing uses to access resources

remotely using personal devices saving time and effort compared to traditional

library visit.

 Improves Interaction in Real Time- Facilitates real time interaction among

uses through online forums, chat rooms and interactive tools enhancing

collaborative learning experiences.

 Quick access-Offers quick access to information through powerful search

tools saving students time and effort in their research or study endeavors.

 Facilities collaboration- Promotes collaboration among Students by allowing

them to share resources, discuss ideas, and work together on projects fostering

a sense of community.

 Environmental sustainability- Contributes to environmental sustainability by

reducing the need for paper and other resources associated with traditional libraries,aligning with eco-friendly practice.s

                      Conclusion

    A Web service involves a service provider and a service requester (client).

Because Web services feature language transparency, it doesn't matter whether the

underlying system that provides the service is written in Java while the client is

written in Perl, Python or Ruby. For example, through Web services a Windows

server can interact with a Linux server or serve an application to computer

desktops, laptops or smart phones and other mobile devices over the World Wide

Web.

Web services allow various applications to talk to each other and share data

and services among themselves. Other applications can also use the web services.

For example, a VB or .NET application can talk to Java web services and vice

versa. Web services are used to make the application platform and technology

independent. Web services use standardized industry standard protocol for the

communication. All the four layers (Service Transport, XML Messaging, Service

Description, and Service Discovery layers) use well-defined protocols in the web

services protocol stack. This standardization of protocol stack gives the business

many advantages such as a wide range of choices, reduction in the cost due to

competition, and increase in the quality. Web services use SOAP over HTTP

protocol, so you can use your existing low-cost internet for implementing web

services. This solution is much less costly compared to proprietary solutions like

EDI/B2B. Besides SOAP over HTTP, web services can also be implemented on

other reliable transport mechanisms like FTP.

Web Services, therefore, are the means by which devices communicate over

the World Wide Web. Whether use a mobile application, search engine or an

enterprise system, the user piece of the application (the interface) resides on the

device. The data, and potentially the business rules, live on some other server on

the network. How the interface communicates with the server piece is the role of Web Services.

                 Reference

book https://www.slideshare.net

“ What Is chat ?” Computer Hope, 31 Jan.2019, www.computerhope.

Com/jargon/c/chat.htm

https:// openlibrary.org